Sodium Benzoate is a widely used preservative in food, beverages, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. It is the sodium salt of benzoic acid and is particularly effective at inhibiting the growth of bacteria, yeast, and fungi, thereby extending the shelf life of various products. Chemical Properties 1. Appearance: o Sodium benzoate is a white, crystalline powder or granules, and is odorless or has a slight, sweetish odor. 2. Solubility: o Sodium benzoate is highly soluble in water, with solubility increasing as the temperature rises (about 62.7 g/100 mL at 20°C). It is also soluble in alcohol but less so in organic solvents like ether. 3. Melting Point: o Sodium benzoate has a melting point of about 300°C (572°F) when it decomposes. 4. pH: o Sodium benzoate is most effective as a preservative in acidic environments (pH 2.5 to 4.0). In neutral or alkaline conditions, its preservative action diminishes. When dissolved in water, it typically forms a slightly alkaline solution. 5. Reactivity: o Sodium benzoate is stable under normal conditions but can react with strong acids to produce benzoic acid, which is the active preservative form. 6. Antimicrobial Activity: o Sodium benzoate’s effectiveness as a preservative is due to its ability to inhibit microbial growth. It works primarily by interfering with the metabolism of micro

Potassium Sorbate is a widely used food preservative that helps to inhibit the growth of mold, yeast, and fungi. It is the potassium salt of sorbic acid and is effective in extending the shelf life of various food products, beverages, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Chemical Properties • Appearance: • Potassium sorbate is a white to slightly yellow crystalline powder or granules that are odorless. • Solubility: • Potassium sorbate is highly soluble in water, with a solubility of about 58.2 g/100 mL at 20°C. It is less soluble in ethanol and other organic solvents. • Melting Point: • The melting point of potassium sorbate is approximately 270°C (518°F) when it decomposes. • pH: • Potassium sorbate is most effective as a preservative in acidic conditions (pH 3–6). When dissolved in water, it creates a slightly alkaline solution, but in an acidic environment, it converts to sorbic acid, the active form that inhibits microbial growth. • Reactivity: • Potassium sorbate is stable under normal conditions but can slowly oxidize when exposed to air, light, or heat, which may reduce its effectiveness over time. In solution, it converts to sorbic acid in acidic environments, where it exerts its preservative action. • Antimicrobial Activity: • Potassium sorbate inhibits the growth of a wide range of microorganisms, including mold, yeast, and some bacteria. It works by disrupting the cell membranes of microbes and interfering with their metabolic processes, particularly in acidic environments.

Sodium Benzoate is a widely used preservative in food, beverages, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. It is the sodium salt of benzoic acid and is particularly effective at inhibiting the growth of bacteria, yeast, and fungi, thereby extending the shelf life of various products. Chemical Properties 1. Appearance: o Sodium benzoate is a white, crystalline powder or granules, and is odorless or has a slight, sweetish odor. 2. Solubility: o Sodium benzoate is highly soluble in water, with solubility increasing as the temperature rises (about 62.7 g/100 mL at 20°C). It is also soluble in alcohol but less so in organic solvents like ether. 3. Melting Point: o Sodium benzoate has a melting point of about 300°C (572°F) when it decomposes. 4. pH: o Sodium benzoate is most effective as a preservative in acidic environments (pH 2.5 to 4.0). In neutral or alkaline conditions, its preservative action diminishes. When dissolved in water, it typically forms a slightly alkaline solution. 5. Reactivity: o Sodium benzoate is stable under normal conditions but can react with strong acids to produce benzoic acid, which is the active preservative form. 6. Antimicrobial Activity: o Sodium benzoate’s effectiveness as a preservative is due to its ability to inhibit microbial growth. It works primarily by interfering with the metabolism of microorganisms, particularly in acidic environments where it converts to benzoic acid.

Parabens are a group of synthetic compounds commonly used as preservatives in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food products. They are effective at preventing the growth of bacteria, mold, and yeast, which helps extend the shelf life of products. The most commonly used parabens are Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, and Propylparaben. Chemical Properties • Appearance: • Parabens are typically white crystalline solids or powders. • Solubility: • Parabens have limited solubility in water but are more soluble in alcohol, acetone, and other organic solvents. Methylparaben is the most water-soluble, followed by ethylparaben, with propylparaben being the least water-soluble. • pH Stability: • Parabens are stable across a wide pH range, which contributes to their effectiveness in various formulations. • Melting Points: • Methylparaben: Approximately 125–128°C • Ethylparaben: Approximately 115–118°C • Propylparaben: Approximately 96–99°C

Phenoxyethanol is a synthetic chemical compound commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics, personal care products, and pharmaceuticals. It is an aromatic ether and is sometimes referred to as a glycol ether. Its primary function is to inhibit the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold, thereby extending the shelf life of products. Uses of Phenoxyethanol Phenoxyethanol is widely used in various products due to its efficacy as a preservative and its relatively low potential for causing allergic reactions or skin irritation. Common applications include: Chemical Properties of Phenoxyethanol 1. Antimicrobial Activity: o Phenoxyethanol is effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and mold. o Its antimicrobial activity is particularly strong against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. 2. Solubility: o Phenoxyethanol is slightly soluble in water (approximately 2.7 g/100 mL at 25°C) but highly soluble in alcohols and oils. o This makes it versatile for use in both aqueous and oil-based formulations. 3. Stability: o Phenoxyethanol is chemically stable under a wide range of pH conditions (pH 3 to 10), making it suitable for use in various cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. o It is also stable under normal storage conditions and does not degrade easily, contributing to its long shelf life.