Caprylic/capric triglyceride is a type of ester derived from the glycerol esterification of caprylic (C8) and capric (C10) fatty acids. These fatty acids are medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), and the term "triglyceride" refers to a molecule composed of three fatty acid chains esterified to a glycerol backbone. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES o Triglyceride Formation: It consists of a glycerol molecule esterified with a mix of caprylic and capric fatty acids. The general formula can be expressed as C₁₈H₃₄O₄, reflecting the combination of these medium-chain fatty acids. 2. Hydrolysis: o Saponification: In the presence of a strong base (such as sodium hydroxide), caprylic/capric triglyceride can undergo saponification to produce glycerol and the corresponding fatty acid salts. This reaction is typical of triglycerides. 3. Oxidation Stability: o Resistance to Oxidation: Caprylic/capric triglyceride is relatively stable against oxidation compared to unsaturated oils. This is due to the saturated nature of the medium-chain fatty acids, which makes it less prone to rancidity and longer-lasting in formulations. 4. Solubility: o Solubility in Organic Solvents: It is soluble in organic solvents like ethanol, acetone, and most oils. It is not soluble in water, reflecting its hydrophobic nature. 5. Thermal Properties: o Melting Point: Caprylic/capric triglyceride has a low melting point, typically around 2-4°C (36-39°F), which contributes to its liquid state at room temperature. o Boiling Point: It has a relatively high boiling point, which can vary depending on the specific fatty acids present, but is generally higher than its melting point. 6. Chemical Stability: o Chemical Stability: It is stable under a range of conditions due to its low susceptibility to hydrolysis and oxidation. This stability is beneficial for its use in various formulations, including those with long shelf lives. 7. Reactivity: o Reactivity with Acids and Bases: Caprylic/capric triglyceride can react with strong acids or bases under certain conditions, leading to the formation of fatty acids and glycerol. However, these reactions are typically less common in standard formulations where it is used. 8. Intermolecular Forces: o Van der Waals Forces: The triglyceride molecules are held together in part by van der Waals forces, which influence its physical state and how it interacts with other substances. 9. Compatibility: o Mixing with Other Ingredients: It is highly compatible with other oils and fats and is often used to solubilize or disperse other ingredients in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations.

Stearyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol derived from stearic acid, a naturally occurring saturated fatty acid found in various animal and vegetable fats. It is widely used in the cosmetic, personal care, and pharmaceutical industries as an emollient, thickener, and emulsifier Chemical Properties • Fatty Alcohol Nature: Stearyl alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol, meaning it does not contain any double bonds in its carbon chain, which contributes to its stability. • Esterification: The hydroxyl group (-OH) in stearyl alcohol allows it to react with acids to form esters. These esters are used in cosmetics and personal care products for various applications, including as emollients and lubricants. • Oxidation: Stearyl alcohol can be oxidized to stearic acid (C₁₈H₃₆O₂) under certain conditions, such as in the presence of strong oxidizing agents. • Reduction: It can be reduced to hydrocarbons (alkanes) under specific conditions, although this is less common in practical applications. • Non-Ionic Nature: As a non-ionic surfactant, stearyl alcohol does not ionize in water, making it compatible with a wide range of other ingredients in formulations

Cetearyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol that is widely used in the cosmetics and personal care industry. It is a mixture of two different fatty alcohols: cetyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol. These are long-chain alcohols, which means they have a higher number of carbon atoms in their molecular structure, typically between 14 and 18. Cetearyl alcohol is known for its ability to improve the texture and stability of products, as well as its moisturizing properties. Chemical Properties of Cetearyl Alcohol: 1. Molecular Structure: o Cetearyl alcohol is a mixture of cetyl alcohol (C₁₆H₃₄O) and stearyl alcohol (C₁₈H₃₈O). Both are long-chain aliphatic alcohols. o The general formula for these fatty alcohols is CH₃(CH₂)ₙOH, where nnn is the number of carbon atoms in the chain (15 for cetyl alcohol and 17 for stearyl alcohol). 2. Physical Appearance: o Cetearyl alcohol is a white, waxy solid at room temperature. It often comes in the form of flakes or pellets, which makes it easy to incorporate into formulations. 3. Hydrophobic Nature: o Cetearyl alcohol is hydrophobic, meaning it repels water. This property is beneficial in creating water-resistant barriers on the skin or hair, helping to lock in moisture. 4. Emollient Properties:

Propylene Glycol is commonly used as a humectant, solvent, and preservative in food and cosmetic products. It helps products maintain moisture and prevents them from drying out. It is also used in pharmaceuticals, e-liquids for vaping, and antifreeze solutions. Chemical Properties • Alcoholic Nature: As a diol, propylene glycol has two hydroxyl groups, which make it a versatile alcohol that can participate in various chemical reactions. • Oxidation: Propylene glycol can be oxidized to lactic acid or pyruvic acid, depending on the conditions.

Glycerin is widely used in cosmetics and skincare products as humectant, meaning it helps retain moisture in the skin. It is also used as a solvent, emollient, and lubricant. Due to its non-toxic nature, it is also used in food and pharmaceuticals CHEMICAL PROPERTIES • Hydroxyl Groups: Glycerin has three hydroxyl (–OH) groups, which make it highly soluble in water and give it its hygroscopic nature (ability to absorb moisture from the air). • Alcoholic Nature: Being a trihydroxy alcohol, glycerin is a type of alcohol with three alcohol functional groups, which influences its reactivity and solubility. • Reactivity with Acids: Glycerin reacts with acids to form esters. For instance, it reacts with fatty acids to form glycerides (fats and oils). This reaction is commonly used in the production of biodiesel.